Difference between revisions of "Interpolation"

From Sutherland_wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
m (→‎Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation)
m (→‎Example)
Line 121: Line 121:
 
=== Example ===
 
=== Example ===
  
−
Using a third degree polynomial, approximate the density of air at the following temperatures: 50, 300, 500 °F.
+
Using a third degree polynomial and the data in the table above, approximate the density of air at 50 °F and 300 °F.
  
−
We require 4 points to fit a third degree polynomial, <math>a_0 \, a_1 \, a_2 \, a_3</math>.  We will choose the 4 points closest to the temperature that we wish to interpolate to.
+
We require 4 points to fit a third degree polynomial, <math>a_0, \, a_1, \, a_2, \, a_3</math>.  We will choose the 4 points closest to the temperature that we wish to interpolate to.
  
 
==== Implementation in Matlab ====
 
==== Implementation in Matlab ====
Line 130: Line 130:
 
# Set up and solve the linear system to obtain the polynomial coefficients <math>a_0 \ldots a_3</math>.
 
# Set up and solve the linear system to obtain the polynomial coefficients <math>a_0 \ldots a_3</math>.
 
# Evaluate the polynomial to obtain the temperature.
 
# Evaluate the polynomial to obtain the temperature.
−
<ul><ul>
+
 
 +
The MATLAB code to obtain the density at 50 &deg;F is
 +
<ul>
 
<source lang="matlab">
 
<source lang="matlab">
−
Ti = [ -9.7  80  170  260  350  440  530 620  710  800  890  980 1070 ]';
+
% Set the data points from the table.
−
rhoi=[ 1.39 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.41 ]';
+
Ti = [ -9.7  80  170  260  350  440  530 ...
 +
        620  710  800  890  980 1070 ]';
 +
rhoi=[ 1.39 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.63 ...
 +
      0.58 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.41 ]';
  
 +
% Set the temperature we want to evaluate the density at.
 
T = 50;
 
T = 50;
 +
 +
% determine the set of points that we will use to construct the interpolant.
 
points = 1:4;
 
points = 1:4;
 +
 +
% set up the linear system
 
A = [ ones(4,1), ones(4,1).*Ti(points), ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^2, ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^3 ];
 
A = [ ones(4,1), ones(4,1).*Ti(points), ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^2, ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^3 ];
 
b = rhoi(points);
 
b = rhoi(points);
 +
 +
% solve for the polynomial coefficients
 
a = A\b;
 
a = A\b;
  
 +
% evaluate the density.
 
rho = a(0) + a(1)*T + a(2)*T^2 + a(3)*T^3;
 
rho = a(0) + a(1)*T + a(2)*T^2 + a(3)*T^3;
 
</source>
 
</source>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 +
 
For <var>T=300</var> we would repeat the above with the only change being:
 
For <var>T=300</var> we would repeat the above with the only change being:
 
<ul><source lang="matlab">
 
<ul><source lang="matlab">
Line 149: Line 163:
 
points=4:8;
 
points=4:8;
 
</source></ul>
 
</source></ul>
−
For <var>T=500</var> we would change
 
−
<ul><source lang="matlab">
 
−
T=500;
 
−
points=5:9;
 
−
</source></ul>
 
−
</ul>
 
  
 
== Cubic Spline Interpolation ==
 
== Cubic Spline Interpolation ==

Revision as of 15:48, 1 September 2008

Linear Interpolation

A linear function may be written as f(x) = a_0 + a_1 x. Given any two data points, ( x_1, y_1 ), and (x_2,y_2), we can determine a linear function that exactly passes through these points. We can do this by solving for a_0 and a_1. Since there are two unknowns we require two equations. They are:

\begin{align} y_1 &= a_0 + a_1 x_1 \\ y_2 &= a_0 + a_1 x_2 \end{align}

These may be written in matrix form as

\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & x_1 \\ 1 & x_2 \end{array} \right] \left( \begin{array}{c} a_0 \\ a_1 \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{array} \right)

Given values for ( x_1, y_1 ), and (x_2,y_2), these equations may be easily solved in MATLAB. But since they are so simple, we can easily by hand to obtain a general solution,

\begin{align} a_0 &= \frac{x_1 y_2 -x_2 y_1}{x_1-x_2} \\ a_1 &= \frac{y_1-y_2}{x_1-x_2} \end{align}

This gives the coefficients, which may then be substituted into the original equation f(x) = a_0 + a_1 x and simplified to obtain

f(x) = \left( \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1} \right) \left( x-x_1 \right) + y_1.

This is a very convenient equation for performing linear interpolation.

Example

The density of air at various temperatures and atmospheric pressure is given in the following table

Temperature (°F) 1.39 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.41
Density (kg/m3) -10 80 170 260 350 440 530 620 710 800 890 980 1070

Estimate the density of air at 32 °F. Using linear interpolation, we have \rho(T)=a_0 + a_1 T. We define (T_1,\rho_1)=(-9.7,1.39) and (T_2,\rho_2)=(80,1.161). Now we can calculate

\begin{align} \rho(32) &\approx \frac{\rho_2 -\rho_1}{T_2-T_1}\left( T - T_1 \right) + \rho_1 \\ &= \frac{1.16-1.39}{-9.7-80} \left( 32 + 9.7 \right) + 1.39 \\ &= 1.28. \end{align}

Implementation in Matlab

There are three ways to do interpolation in MATLAB.

  1. Solve the linear system. 
     T1=-9.7;  T2=80;
 rho1=1.39; rho2=1.16;
 T = 32;
 A = [ 1 T1; 1 T2 ];
 b = [ rho1; rho2 ];
 a = A\b;
 rho = a(1) + a(2)*T;
  2. Use the general equation we derived above: 
     T1=-9.7; T2-80;
 rho1=1.39; rho2=1.16;
 T = 32;
 rho = (rho2-rho1)/(T2-T1) * (T-T1) + rho1;
  3. Use MATLAB's built-in interpolation tool 
     Ti = [-9.7 80];
 rhoi = [1.39 1.16];
 rho = interp1( Ti, rhoi, 32 );

All three of these methods provide exactly the same answer. However, using MATLAB's interp1 function allows you to use a vector for the points that you want to interpolate to. For example, if we wanted the density at 30, 50, 70, 10, and 110 °F, we could accomplish this by: 

  Ti = [-9.7 80 170 ];
  rhoi = [1.39 1.16 0.995];
  T = 30:20:110;
  rho = interp1( Ti, rhoi, T );

Implementation in Excel

{{Stub}|section}}



Polynomial Interpolation

Polynomial interpolation is a simple extension of linear interpolation. In general, an nth degree polynomial is given as
f(x)=\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i.

If n=1 then we recover a first-degree polynomial, which is linear. The formula gives f(x)=\sum_{i=0}^1 a_i x^i = a_0 + a_1 x.

In general, if we want to interpolate a set of data using an nth degree polynomial, then we must determine n+1 coefficients, a_0 \ldots a_n. Therefore, we require n+1 points to interpolate using an nth degree polynomial.

The equations that must be solved are given as

\left[\begin{array}{ccccc} 1 & x_{1} & x_{1}^2 & \cdots & x_{1}^{n}\\ 1 & x_{2} & x_{2}^2 & \cdots & x_{2}^{n}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\ 1 & x_{n+1} & x_{n+1}^2 & \cdots & x_{n+1}^{n}\end{array}\right]\left(\begin{array}{c} a_{0}\\ a_{1}\\ \vdots\\ a_{n}\end{array}\right) = \left(\begin{array}{c} y_{1}\\ y_{2}\\ \vdots\\ y_{n+1}\end{array}\right)

Solving these equations provides the values for the coefficients, a_0 \ldots a_n. Once we know these coefficients, we can evaluate the polynomial at any point.

Example

Using a third degree polynomial and the data in the table above, approximate the density of air at 50 °F and 300 °F.

We require 4 points to fit a third degree polynomial, a_0, \, a_1, \, a_2, \, a_3. We will choose the 4 points closest to the temperature that we wish to interpolate to.

Implementation in Matlab

Our procedure is:

  1. Determine which points we need to use.
  2. Set up and solve the linear system to obtain the polynomial coefficients a_0 \ldots a_3.
  3. Evaluate the polynomial to obtain the temperature.

The MATLAB code to obtain the density at 50 °F is 

    % Set the data points from the table.
Ti = [ -9.7   80  170  260  350  440  530 ...
        620  710  800  890  980 1070 ]';
rhoi=[ 1.39 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.63 ...
       0.58 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.41 ]';

% Set the temperature we want to evaluate the density at.
T = 50;

% determine the set of points that we will use to construct the interpolant.
points = 1:4;

% set up the linear system
A = [ ones(4,1), ones(4,1).*Ti(points), ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^2, ones(4,1)*Ti(points).^3 ];
b = rhoi(points);

% solve for the polynomial coefficients
a = A\b;

% evaluate the density.
rho = a(0) + a(1)*T + a(2)*T^2 + a(3)*T^3;

For T=300 we would repeat the above with the only change being: 

    T=300;
points=4:8;

Cubic Spline Interpolation

Warn.jpg
This section is a stub and needs to be expanded.
If you can provide information or finish this section you're welcome to do so and then remove this message afterwards.

Example

Implementation in Matlab

Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation

Warn.jpg
This section is a stub and needs to be expanded.
If you can provide information or finish this section you're welcome to do so and then remove this message afterwards.

Given n_p points (x_k,y_k), the n^\mathrm{th} order Lagrange polynomial that interpolates these function values, f(x) are expressed as

f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n} y_{k} L_{k}(x),

where L_{k}(x) is the Lagrange polynomial given by

L_{k}(x)=\prod_{\stackrel{i=0}{i\ne k}}^{n}\frac{x-x_{i}}{x_{k}-x_{i}},

and n_p = n+1. In other words, for an n^\mathrm{th} order interpolation, we require n_p=n+1 points.

The \prod operator represents the continued product, and is analogous to the \sum operator for summations. For example, \prod_{i=1}^{3} (x+i) = (x+1)(x+2)(x+3).

Example

Retrieved from "https://sutherland.che.utah.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Interpolation&oldid=212"